civilization Pharaohs
The history of civilization in ancient Egypt is dominated by the figure of the pharaoh, the ruling monarch who served as both political leader and religious figurehead. The pharaohs were considered living gods on earth, and their rule was seen as a link between the human world and the gods, The earliest known pharaohs ruled around 3100 BC in the Predynastic period. The first true pharaohs were members of the Narmer dynasty, who united Upper and Lower Egypt and established the capital at Memphis. During the Old Kingdom, the pharaohs of the Third Dynasty, such as Djoser, oversaw the construction of monumental stone structures such as the Step Pyramid at Saqqara,The Middle Kingdom saw the rise of the 11th Dynasty, with pharaohs such as Mentuhotep II and Senusret III. This era was marked by a resurgence of artistic and cultural achievements, as well as military conquests and the expansion of trade networks, The New Kingdom, which began around 1550 BC, is considered the height of ancient Egyptian civilization. Pharaohs such as Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II left a lasting impact on history. Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh to rule Egypt and Akhenaten is known for his religious revolution and his creation of the monotheistic god Aten. Tutankhamun is famous for his tomb, which was discovered intact in 1922 by Howard Carter. Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, built many monumental structures, including the Ramesseum, and fought in several military campaigns, The pharaohs of the New Kingdom also oversaw the construction of several grandiose tombs in the Valley of the Kings, such as the tomb of Tutankhamun, and the grand temples at Luxor and Karnak. The pharaohs also expanded Egypt's territories through military conquests in Nubia and Palestine, the pharaohs of the Late period, such as Apries and Amasis, saw the decline of Egypt's power as it came under the influence of other civilizations such as the Persians, Greeks and Romans. The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was defeated by the Persians in 343 BC,In conclusion, the pharaohs of ancient Egypt played a significant role in the history of civilization. They were not only powerful political leaders but also religious figures who were considered living gods. The pharaohs of Egypt left a lasting impact on history through their monumental building projects, military conquests, and cultural and artistic achievements.
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